Science and Technology in Ancient India

Previous Year Questions Analysis

Archived:

With reference to the scientific progress of ancient India, which of the statements given below are correct?
1. Different kinds of specialized surgical instruments were in common use by 1st century AD.
2. Transplant of internal organs in the human body had begun by the beginning of 3rd century AD.
3. The concept of sine of an angle was known in 5th century AD.
4. The concept of cyclic quadrilaterals was known in 7th century AD.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

[UPSC CSE Pre. 2012]

⚡ Generate AI Quick Summary

Correct Option: C

Statements 1, 3, and 4 are correct. Ancient Indians used surgical instruments by the 1st century AD, knew sine values by the 5th century, and understood cyclic quadrilaterals by the 7th century.

A. 1 and 2 only
B. 3 and 4 only
C. 1, 3 and 4 only
D. 1, 2, 3 and 4

Analysis & Evidence

Concept


Ancient Indian scholars made significant contributions to medicine (Ayurveda) and mathematics, often preceding similar discoveries in the West by several centuries.

Authentic Source Evidence


Sushruta Samhita describes over 120 surgical instruments. Aryabhatiya (5th c) contains trigonometric tables, and Brahmagupta (7th c) defined properties of cyclic quadrilaterals.

Analytical Breakdown


  • Logic 1: Statement 1 is correct. Sushruta (circa 6th c BCE - 1st c CE) is the father of surgery and detailed numerous specialized tools.

  • Logic 2: Statement 2 is incorrect. While plastic surgery (rhinoplasty) was known, complex internal organ transplants are a modern medical achievement.

  • Logic 3: Statement 3 is correct. Aryabhatta (476-550 CE) provided the 'jya' (sine) values for calculations.

  • Logic 4: Statement 4 is correct. Brahmagupta (7th century) provided the formula for the area of a cyclic quadrilateral.
  • Historical Logic Quest

    "What is the 'Brahmagupta formula' in geometry?"

    It provides the area of a cyclic quadrilateral given its four sides, a pioneering achievement in mathematics.

    The Topper's Edge

    "While ancient Indians pioneered external surgeries and complex mathematics, it is important to avoid over-crediting them with modern technologies like internal organ transplants."

    Analysing the UPSC previous year question paper is non-negotiable for serious aspirants. Thoroughly solving and analyzing these questions helps you decode the examiner's mindset, identify recurring historical themes, and build the analytical intuition needed to clear the exam. Practise UPSC PYQ here with interactive question sets to learn and sharpen your edge!

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