[Solved] Siddhas and Lingayats Philosophy | UPSC Art & Culture

With reference to the cultural history of medieval India, consider the following statements :
1. Siddhas (Sittars) of Tamil region were monotheistic and condemned idolatry.
2. Lingayats of Kannada region questioned the theory of rebirth and rejected the caste hierarchy.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

[UPSC CSE Pre. 2016]

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Correct Option: C

Both statements are correct. Tamil Siddhas were monotheistic and opposed idolatry, while Lingayats in the Kannada region rejected caste hierarchy and the theory of rebirth.

A. 1 only

B. 2 only

C. Both 1 and 2

D. Neither 1 nor 2

Analysis & Evidence

Concept

Medieval South India witnessed several radical religious movements that challenged orthodox Brahmanical practices, emphasizing social equality and internal devotion over rituals.

Authentic Source Evidence

Texts associated with the Vachanas of Lingayats and the poems of Tamil Siddhas provide direct evidence of their anti-caste and monotheistic stances.

Analytical Breakdown

Logic 1: Statement 1 is correct. The Siddhas (Sittars) were mystics who emphasized monotheism and criticized formal religious structures and idol worship.

Logic 2: Statement 2 is correct. The Lingayats (Virashaivas), led by Basavana, rejected the authority of the Vedas, questioned rebirth, and advocated for a society free from caste distinctions.

Historical Logic Quest

"What was the Lingayat stance on the concept of 'Pollution'?"

They actively rejected the Brahmanical notion of 'pollution' associated with certain castes, promoting dignity for all forms of labor.

The Topper's Edge

"Both movements were 'protestant' in nature, seeking to bypass the priestly class to establish a direct connection with the Divine."

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