Option c is the correct answer. Mu'izz ad-Din Muhammad, known as Shihabuddin Muhammad Ghori, was the ruler from Central Asia who conquered North India in 1192. He led the Ghurid Empire and invaded the Indian subcontinent. His conquest marked the establishment of Muslim rule in the region. Muhammad Ghori defeated Prithvi Raj Chauhan in the Second Battle of Tarain, capturing and executing him. This victory paved the way for the establishment of the first Muslim kingdom rule over Ajmer and Delhi, marking a significant turning point in Indian history. Important Tips Muhammad Ghori: Mu'izz ad-Din Muhammad, known as Muhammad of Ghori, was the Sultan of the Ghurid Empire from 1173 to 1206. He played a pivotal role in establishing Muslim rule in the Indian subcontinent. Ghurid Independence: Muhammad of Ghor led the Ghurids to break free from Ghazni's control, establishing their independent power. Conquests: He captured Punjab from Khusro Malik and defeated the Ghaznavid ruler Bahram Shah, extending his influence. Territorial Expansion: Under his rule, the Ghurids conquered important regions including Multan, Uchch, Peshawar, Lahore, and Sialkot. Battles of Tarain: The battles against Prithviraj Chauhan were crucial. In the first battle, Ghori suffered defeat, but he regrouped and emerged victorious in the second battle (1192), establishing Muslim dominance in North India. Battle of Chandawar: In 1194, Muhammad Ghori led 50,000 cavalry across the Jamuna, clashing with Jaichandra's forces at Chandawar near Kannauj. A fierce battle ensued, Jaichandra nearly prevailing until his death led to his army's complete defeat. Expansion into Bihar and Bengal: Muhammad Ghori's conquests extended into Bihar and Bengal, expanding his control in the Ganga-Yamuna doab region. Expedition to Assam: An ambitious expedition into Assam resulted in defeat due to harsh conditions and resistance from the local forces. Death: Muhammad Ghori's life ended tragically when he was fatally stabbed by his own amir while he was critically ill in 1206 . Solution (c) Exp) Option c is the correct answer. Muhammad Bin Tughluq, the ruler of the Delhi Sultanate, introduced the new department "Aamir-eKohi" to focus on agriculture. This department aimed to improve agricultural practices and enhance agricultural productivity. Muhammad Bin Tughluq established a model farm under the state, covering a significant area, and invested substantial resources in modern farming techniques. Despite the eventual failure of this experiment due to corrupt officials and inefficient implementation, it set a precedent for agricultural experimentation and cash cropping during his reign.