Option b is the correct answer The Pallava dynasty ruled in South India, particularly in the region of present-day Tamil Nadu, from the 3rd to the 9th century. Their capital was Kanchi, which is now known as Kanchipuram. The Pandya dynasty was another ancient ruling dynasty of South India, with its stronghold in the Tamil Nadu region. Their capital was Madura, now known as Madurai. The Yadava or Seuna dynasty ruled in the Deccan region, particularly in present-day Maharashtra, from the late 12th to the early 14th century. Their capital was Devagiri, now known as Daulatabad. The Kakatiya dynasty ruled in the Telangana region of South India from the 12th to the 14th century. Their capital was Warangal. Important Tips A. Pallava: The Pallava dynasty was a powerful kingdom that ruled over parts of southern India from the 3rd to the 9 th century CE. They were influential in spreading Indian culture and civilization to Southeast Asia. They were also pioneers of Dravidian architecture and sculpture, especially in stone and rock-cut temples. Their capital was Kanchi or Kanchipuram, which is located in Tamil Nadu. Kanchi was a major center of learning, religion, and art. B. Pandya: The Pandya dynasty was one of the oldest and longest-lasting Tamil dynasties that ruled over the southern tip of India from the 6th century BCE to the 16th century CE. They were known for their maritime trade, naval prowess, and patronage of literature and culture. Their capital was Madura or Madurai, which is also located in Tamil Nadu. Madurai was famous for its Meenakshi Temple, which is dedicated to the goddess Parvati and her consort Shiva. C. Yadava: The Yadava dynasty was a medieval kingdom that ruled over parts of Maharashtra and Karnataka from the 9th to the 14th century CE. They were descendants of the Yadu clan, which claimed to be related to Krishna, the avatar of Vishnu. They were known for their resistance against the Islamic invasions and their support of various religious sects and movements. Their capital was Devagiri or Daulatabad, which is situated in Maharashtra. Devagiri was a fortified city that had a massive hilltop citadel and a complex water system. D. Kakatiya: The Kakatiya dynasty was a Telugu-speaking kingdom that ruled over most of Andhra Pradesh and parts of Telangana from the 12th to the 14th century CE. They were originally feudatories of the Western Chalukyas, but later became independent and expanded their territory through conquests and alliances. They were known for their irrigation projects, temple architecture, and promotion of local languages and cultures. Their capital was Warangal or Orugallu, which is located in Telangana. Warangal was a wellplanned city that had four concentric fortifications and a magnificent stone gateway called the Warangal Fort.