Option d is the correct answer. Statement 1 is correct: Utilitarianism is a philosophy that advocates that actions are right if they promote happiness and wrong if they promote unhappiness. The rule of law is necessary for societal betterment because it ensures that everyone is treated equally under the law and that no one is above the law. Statement 2 is incorrect: James Mill wrote a book called "Utilitarianism" in 1861 in which he outlined the principles of Utilitarianism and argued that they should be applied to society. Principles of Utilitarianism were not written in the book 'Utilitarians and the Raj'. Statement 3 is correct: Utilitarians believed that the happiness of the majority was more important than the rights of the individual. Liberals, on the other hand, believed that the rights of the individual were paramount. Statement 4 is correct: Utilitarianism had distinct authoritarian tendencies because Utilitarians believed that the government should intervene in society to promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people. This could lead to the government restricting the rights of individuals in the name of the greater good.