Option c is the correct answer. 'Apabhramsa' was used in medieval Sanskrit texts to denote the forms of some modern Indian languages spoken like in North India before the rise of the modern languages. Apabhramsa languages eventually gave rise to the modern Indo-Aryan languages, such as Hindi, Marathi, Gujarati, and Bengali. 'Apabhramsa' in Sanskrit literally means 'corrupt' or 'non-grammatical language', that which deviates from the norm of Sanskrit grammar. Apabhramsa literature is a valuable source for the history of North India for the period spanning the 12 th to 16 th centuries.